In thermal receivers which are used to detect the detection of infrared light which produces heating which can be calibrated and measured in various ways:
- The potential difference with the thermocouple.
- The variation of electrical resistance with the bolometer.
- The pyroelectric effect which causes the appearance of electric charges on the opposite faces of a crystal placed at different temperatures.
- And many others.
In a photoelectric receiver, the atoms of the material which absorb the photons of the incident light emit electrons which thus make it possible to measure an electric current.
In a photochemical receptor, light induces a chemical reaction which is:
- Or irreversible as in a photographic film where the small grains of silver bromide darken under the effect of light.
- Either reversible like photochromic materials which change color or opacity under the effect of light and return to their initial state in the dark.
In the living world there are many light receptors.
- The retina, which is made up of millions of cells, lines the back of the eye.
- The rods allow low-light vision.
- The cones allow the perception of colors. They are of three types L, M and S in humans. Each of them is sensitive to a range of wavelengths in the visible spectrum.
In plants, light is captured within the chloroplasts which provides the energy needed for the early stages of photosynthesis.
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