The tunnel effect refers to the property possessed by a quantum object of crossing a potential barrier even if its energy is lower than the minimum energy required to cross this barrier.
It is a purely quantum effect that cannot be explained by macroscopic mechanics.
For such a particle, the wave function of which the square of the modulus represents the presence probability density is not canceled at the level of the barrier but is attenuated inside the latter.
If, at the exit of the potential barrier, the particle has a non-zero probability of presence, this means that it can cross this barrier.
This probability depends on the accessible states on either side of the barrier as well as on the spatial extension of the barrier.
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